Post Soviet Press Discourse – Anthony Mrugacz
Current Digest of the Post Soviet Press
Post Soviet Press Discourse – Anthony Mrugacz
Topic 1: Domestic Politics – DIZZINESS FROM PROPORTIONS
Kommersant «Коммерсант» May 7th, 2004
A change was proposed by Russian President Vladimir Putin when he met with the Central Electoral Commission1 (CEC) and the idea was put forth on changing the electoral policy of the Duma. He stated that discussions should be held in the future and his idea was the “correct” way to strengthen the party system. Within the Russian Federation’s vast amount of special and autonomous districts there were a multitude of parties (46) and the possibility of small local parties consolidating control in such regions was not desirable. Putin wanted a fewer parties to represent the majorities of Russian society. Using a proportional system would only work if there were fewer parties and if the change was made under the current set up with the multitude of parties, no majority would be possible. The concept is party power with groups more aligned towards the political left, right, and center as opposed to specialized interests. The idea was one off a list the Kremlin hopes to introduce in the near future. The long term goal would give the party system more strength in Russia and with the current constitution and presidential powers; the “democracy” can be gently managed. The Duma in 2003 was actually a good representation of such a system a proportional parliamentary elections would have had an almost identical outcome. Putin’s actions for a discussion to possibly change the system was no threat to the current majority his party, United Russia, has in the Duma. They would not however have the current two-thirds majority of power if such a system was currently enacted.
* Post Soviet Press Discourse – Anthony Mrugacz *
In examining Russia’s current constitution and vast territory one would think that it is another example of Putin’s move towards both centralized decision making in Moscow and any action towards reforms being based on the office of the presidency. In the limiting new parties and consolidating into a few major parties under the disguise of representing the people more effectively he places emphasis on party loyalty. This would keep party members in line and would make successors to the president hand-picked instead of someone rising in the party to challenge his leadership.
The vast diversity of Russia could also allow another region to challenge Moscow’s reign as political and economic capitol. With a few political parties covering the extensive Eurasia continent, regionalism has a slimmer chance to develop. In Russia’s ever expanding oil exportation and dependency on the income for national economic stability, power could most likely move eastward as the demands from China and the USA for energy increase. The idea of power being historically dominant in Russian politics and the growth of oligarchies in major industries is a future obstacle for Moscow. A financial czar coming to political power in the East with his wealth and associates outside of the Kremlin would be a threat indeed to Putin’s vision of Russia. Basically the byproduct would be stability but also maintaining of the status quo in the power distribution.
Post Soviet Press Discourse – Anthony Mrugacz
Topic 2: Domestic Economics – HAPPINESS NOTICES
Noviye Izvestia «Новые Известия» May 26th, 2004
The deadline is approaching for the Russian citizens to decide how they will accept the new system of social security as it switches from the Soviet-style benefits to modern Capitalist system. The corruption remaining in the pension system left over from the Communist era is out of control and this move to the new system is intended to end it. The original package benefits covered many portions of the citizenry from veterans and citizens involved in the Great Patriotic War (WW II) to disabled persons. The old system supplied medications, housing, transportation, and vacations to name a few. The future benefits will have three major items. First is called the “monetization” of the current packages into monthly payments. Originally this was an amount that was deemed unacceptable by the public and was adjusted to higher levels. Next, adjustments were added in to compensate for future cost of living increases. And finally an option annual package of social services could be purchased directly from the government at prices they would stipulate. This amount would be deducted automatically from the outgoing payment. Also the current medications distributed for free to recipients would continue. Housing and utilities that are presently discounted would continue and be under review in 2005. The journalist’s source inside the cabinet stated that the current standard of living of beneficiaries would be maintained by the changeover in distribution systems.
* Post Soviet Press Discourse – Anthony Mrugacz *
Another icon of the Soviet system falls and from what I have seen in other press sources the public outcry was tremendous. The shift to “driving while democratizing” the economy caused not only financial hardship for the citizens of the old Soviet Union but emotional trauma. This change eliminated the last straw of hope in the old system leaving many to believe they were better off under the old system. The government was very outspoken on the corruption and the need for change but probably because the corruption was outside Moscow’s control. The actions taken were probably demonstrated to relieving public discontent on the propaganda side and once again behind the scene the original intent was to maintain the status quo. If the government’s intentions were to help the citizenry then its decision would have been based more on improving conditions instead of controlling corruption. The stated goal was that no change in the level of benefits would happen, just policy. There was no mention of education benefits and technological improvements and that are true accelerators of economic advancement. The system needs a motor swap not a tune-up. Continuing the dependency on the central government for the disadvantaged basic economic survival is not a solution just an echo from past regimes.
The repetition of top-down policies does nothing for the future of the economy so if criticism is made then an offered solution is appropriate. If the elderly veterans are hired by small business offer a tax incentive. This would reduce the bureaucracy but take some control away from Moscow. Most lacking in the Russian Federation today is probably disillusionment and hopelessness. An entire generation that sacrificed so much could be called upon to form an internal domestic core to be involved with the new generation and outreach programs in local communities.
Post Soviet Press Discourse – Anthony Mrugacz
Topic 3: Domestic Law – STRICT –REGIME STATISTICS
Vremya Novostei «Время Новостей» February 3rd, 2004
Government officials convicted of crimes were actually taken into custody. The case involved top officials of the State Statistics Committee who had used a system of embezzlement and misappropriation of funds to enrich themselves. This event occurred in the Moscow City Court and ended a long running tale over a five year period that involved the head of the committee, Yuri Yakov, and director of its Computing Center, Boris Saakyan. They, along with a small group of associates, about six, forged documents, bribed, threatened, and manipulated the government system to appropriate funds for work to supply statistical information to top agencies such as the Departments and Ministries of Labor, Agriculture, and Science to name a few. An amazing web of dummy contracts, bogus companies, and cash payments were used taking years of investigation to totally unearth evidence of the crimes. When the sentences were released to the public it caused a sensation as actually jail time was sentenced. Previously the Russian court system would assign guilt and jail time then find a reason to suspend the sentence. Though the highest ranking officials in the case were convicted and detained, the other defendants were cleared or given suspended sentences. A recent trend to go after government corruption in the higher echelons was originally scoffed at and this ill-famous “Case of the Statisticians” brought the hope that something was actually being accomplished and a new precedent was being displayed.
* Post Soviet Press Discourse – Anthony Mrugacz *
An extremely large bell went off in my head when I read this articles and this line that stated,” The funds…. were converted into cash, by individuals whose identities have not been established by the investigation, and then turned over to Saakyan”. If the press says that it was a landmark case in that high ranking officials were physically being put in prison to serve their sentences, then why are there still open ends in the case? I am not much of a conspiracist by nature but I am going to theorize why individuals went unnamed. Since the accused were actually going to prison, if they cooperated with the prosecutor, they may have faced a dreadful fate in prison. Or the unnamed cash handlers may be higher up in the government and needed them to take the fall, go to prison, and be rewarded afterwards. Why do I propose something is not quite right? If so many previous cases had convictions and sentences suspended, then why not plea bargaining for a reduced sentence? One man was sentenced to four and a half years in a Russian strict-regime colony and with such a fate he did not plea bargain and give up the names of the cash handlers. I can imagine one year in a Russian prison has an equivalent to dog years. In 2002 Russian life expectancy outside prison trailed Bulgaria and barely preceded Libya, a defendant would surely loosen his tongue to avoid imprisonment.
There is a great possibility I am completely wrong and this was an extensive investigation conducted professionally and highly praised in the free presses opinion and a great boost for the moral of the Russian people in reforming their justice system for equality under the law. Now I sound like a press agent for a political party in power.
Post Soviet Press Discourse – Anthony Mrugacz
Topic 4: Domestic Medicine – SMOKE SCREEN
Rossiiskaya Gazeta «Российская газета» May 26th, 2004
In this article the author, Irina Krasnopolskaya, makes her point about the problems in Russia due to widespread and increased tobacco abuse. Almost a quarter million Russian die each year from smoking and the defiant nature of the Russian people to laws, especially Federal ones passed in 2001, to control the dangers from the harshly addictive substance. The obvious proof of how the problem has infiltrated the youth is given not only by statistics but comments poking at the hypocrisy of how tobacco regulations are not being enforced at school and ignored at the point of sale. It is declared to be an epidemic due to not only the increase use by children but by the 63% increase in lung cancer over the past ten years. So the average Russian smoker is located in the Central region (Urals/ Siberia), is an adult male and resides in a rural setting. Remarkably the female population contained 30% smokers as compared to70% for the males. Though it was stated to be almost a tripling in figures from the mid-1990’s, no explanation for the extreme increase in women smoking was given. One in ten youths were habitually smokers by the time they reached the age of fifteen
* Post Soviet Press Discourse – Anthony Mrugacz *
This article stands out to me mostly for what is not there, a multitude of facts and figures are represented to show the breadth of the problems that exist, but not any mention of anti-smoking measures. A federal law was “enacted” on the dangers of smoking was all it mentioned, I am curious did the law come from the President or Duma, and if from the Duma which member or party was involved. This would help us indicate who has the courage to attempt some sort of leadership against such an insurmountable challenge. An American politician would stand up and take credit for such a law’s passage given the current anti-tobacco bandwagon. The opportunity for politicians in the USA to take action and support anti-smoking groups probably stems from the increase in tobacco use outside our nation. The opening up of the Russia Federation’s market to foreign tobacco and advertising must be a very lucrative figure looking at the statistics. Over 70% over the cigarettes consumed in Russia today are made by foreign tobacco companies2. No mention of solution to the problem was stated and the only blame for youth smoking was placed on the “vendor” of the product. There was mention of the American population in the 1940’s smoking at a rate of 60% of the population. Why is this decade chosen?
Checking the data for tobacco consumption in the USA during the 1940’s, shows it was most rapid increase in smoking in the USA but with the peak of coming in 1963.3
A relationship between 1940’s US against current Russian trends leaves me mystified. No laws existed in post-Soviet Russia banning the sale of tobacco to minors until 2001 and at the time of passage the idea of banning tobacco advertisement was dropped. The title of heavyweight smoking champion of the world goes to the People’s Republic of China which consumes one of every three cigarettes in the world today.
Post Soviet Press Discourse – Anthony Mrugacz
Topic 5: Domestic Literature – FROM THE LETTER TO THE SPIRIT
Rossiiskaya Gazeta «Российская газета» October 16th, 2004
Will Russia remain a country that reads? The author asks in this article written by the director of a Moscow Publishing House. The great changes economically affecting the population have reduced not only the reading of books, newspapers, and magazines amongst the general public but also the intelligentsia. The cause also stemming form not only a poorer population but more expensive books are production costs have risen. There has not been a great drop in books purchased in Russia but the problem arises in the content of the subject matter for the literature that is in demand. The centralization of Russian life evident in that 70% of books published, 90% of books printed, and 80% sold are in Moscow. The remaining books, 20% of 130 million published, reach the nation outside of Moscow, at the rate of approximately one book per person. Therefore the Capitol is reading and the nation is not. When we examine the subject material, 60% of the books are romance or crime novels, reflecting the crime-infested nature of Russian society, and only about 15% are really considered literary works. The lack of the crime, romance and fantasy novels under the Soviets may be one factor contributing to upswing in their sales volume and the other with mass marketing creating demand for the product.
Another reason is the low investment in money and time with high returns possible from books produced for the mass audiences as compared to literature that is catered to intellect.
* Post Soviet Press Discourse – Anthony Mrugacz *
How is the relationship of the type of literature important when understanding current Russian society? I will try and look under the radar to what the author was concerned about. He says that society overall was poorer and books more expensive to produce which is the excuse every publisher in the world from New York to Tokyo uses as their standard operating procedure. Did this publisher do business under the old regime with special privileges? The real world of competition has a sobering effect on the balance between intellect and mass appeal books. Checking sales figures in the USA, I found only half are fiction and what percentage fell under romance and crime, I do not know. If the author of the article sees a problem in the change of desired materials I may look at not just the change in economics as impoverishing, maybe the reading audience is on the go more, reading while commuting on the Metro. In the Soviet era you may had time to read Tolstoy waiting in line for rare consumer goods but now with societal changes people are on the move under capitalism. Is it more fun to discuss a romance or crime novel with friends, which has a byproduct increased sales or is it once you read classic literature you just can not wait to run down to the local pub and tell all your pals. The author wearing the shoes of a publisher is stating facts to support his point of view and in reality what is happening in society are normal human nature and not the cancerous rotting of a nation’s intellect. He also states and I quote, “Give crime-ridden Russia literature about crime.”, and his point is? Looking at the subject matter of like Pushkin, Dostoevsky, and Akhmatova, maybe the tastes of Russians ahs changed after all.
Post Soviet Press Discourse – Anthony Mrugacz
Topic 6: Domestic Science – TO SPACE ON URGENT BUSINESS
Kommersant «Коммерсант» March 31st, 2004
The joint venture between the American travel company, Space Adventures4, and the Russian Aerospace Agency (RAS), released at a press conference the name of the third person who has purchased a ticket to travel into space. An American businessman, Gregory Olsen, will be spending a week aboard the International Space Station (ISS). The two agencies have signed a contract that will, at the cost of around 19 million per person, put at least three additional tourists into outer space by 2007. Previously the program was halted after the destruction of the space shuttle Columbia on February 1st, 2003 and the selection of future candidates was put on hold. This was announced by Eric Anderson, president of Space Adventures back in June 2003. The resuming of the commercial venture was announced on June 18th, 2003 by the RAS which stated it involved two other companies, Space Adventures and Energia Rocketry Corporation. Nine months later however the RAS was renamed and now referred too as the Federal Space Agency (FSA) headed by a military officer, Colonel General Anatoly Perminov. How this will affect the previous contract is not known as the FSA press agency declined to respond to questions about the program of carrying tourist in space. The American partner in the agreement, Space Adventure’s spokesperson, acknowledged the reformation of the Russian Space Agency and stated it was ready to work in fulfilling the contractually obligations with the new agency.
* Post Soviet Press Discourse – Anthony Mrugacz *
The original prestige of the Soviet Space Agency is what brought this article to my attention. At first reading it seemed a desperate attempt for the Russians to keep afloat their space program financially and with the controversy of other Soviet systems deteriorating, especially in high tech areas like nuclear weaponry, one would think that everything was chaos. Investigating why the RAS was switched to the FSA revealed that underlining theme of power centralized in Moscow. First with Federal in the name, the space agency is placed into the upper echelon of national government not nationwide with the use of Russian Aerospace Agency. The reformed agency was accomplished by decree under President Vladimir Putin and that involves the age old Czarist –style theme of centralized power. The reason for the reforming is best and easily explained in the following quote, ”The Agency now has the right to hold direct negotiations and sign contracts with foreign partners, issue licenses for space activities and solve all the management issues concerning space-related enterprises and facilities without the intervention of the Ministry of Industry and Energy. The procedure for drafting government resolutions on launching Russian and foreign spacecraft has also been simplified.”5 This brings the FSA into the Ministry status of its own and streamlines cooperation and innovation in global space issues. The old Soviet program was in competition NASA and this trend shows re-attainment of status on the world stage through joint ventures. Interesting to note there are several other actors with space programs from Europe to China and plenty of emerging markets. This cooperation with an American business may give the Russians experience on how to operate in a joint venture environment that can pan out into business with developing nations in need of space technology.
Post Soviet Press Discourse – Anthony Mrugacz
Topic 7: Domestic Art & Music – SKINHEADS ANSWER FOR POLICEMAN’S DEATH.
Nezavisimaya Gazeta «Независимая Газета» August 5, 2004
Last summer on the evening of June 3rd, Russian skinheads laid an ambush at the Fili Subway Station in Moscow and their purpose was to assault the fans of the American rap group, Public Enemy, who had performed at the Gorbunov Palace of Culture. Public Enemy’s views on African superiority and nationalism, enticed the Skinheads to target the fans returning home after the concert. View the battle cry of “Russia for Russians!” , they launched an assault against the subway train carrying the group’s fans. If it was not for the intervention of two police officers at the Fili Station, the fans may have been terribly injured by the skinhead mob. During the scuffle, one of the two officers on the scene was struck on the head with a bottle and rendered unconsciousness. The remaining officer had to fire shots in the air to halt the violence and as the crowd of rioters scattered, 14 persons were apprehended exiting the station by Police from an internal affairs division. Some of the trouble spilled over to the Kutuzov subway station, with damage to trains and vehicles including their drivers receiving the brunt of the violence. The Moscow City Courts handed down many hard sentences ranging from eighteen down to four years, with most averaging around 10. One skinhead gang member was found mentally incompetent to stand trail and a psychiatric ward to receive treatment.
* Post Soviet Press Discourse – Anthony Mrugacz *
In choosing an after concert riot, I believe there is much to be learned about a society, especially on the topic of art and music. A policeman’s death in after concert riot is big news in my opinion and when I checked interviews and online journals and information about the group that performed that night, they never mention the after show trouble. They did often mention how they view Moscow as run downed and how they were just another oppressed people like African-Americans. I found it odd that in my 25 years of involvement with the music industry I have never heard of an artist that was not aware of violence after their show, so it must be very common place for Public Enemy road shows to have post-performance disturbances. This leads to why there was not increased security in the public sector, in North America and Western Europe, any group with a history of controversy will have civic authorities on their toes. In Moscow, they did not really concern themselves with areas surrounding the venue as I examined some online journals that mentioned only brutal security forces stationed at the entrances. The necessity to provide safety for citizens attending events within a city limits is paramount for economic growth and development, I get the impression that Moscow City Government has many problems and concerns or the city’s nightlife is truly the Wild, Wild East. Also the presence of skinheads in gangs roaming the streets shows the lack of either opportunity or job growth in a community. The last rise of the popularity I saw of skinheads in USA was in the late 1970’s when the Rustbelt was crumbling and unemployment rising. The skinheads’ anger and intent of the violence probably brought more notoriety to the rap group, Public Enemy and efforts backfired into time in the Big House.
Post Soviet Press Discourse – Anthony Mrugacz
Topic 8: Domestic Education – BRIBES FOR ADMISSION TO PRSTIGOUS SCHOOLS INCREASED BY 15%-20%
Nezavisimaya Gazeta «Независимая Газета» August 5, 2004
The Eurodollar has become the currency of choice for bribing officials for admission into higher schools in Russia. The Ministry of Internal Affairs reported 1,000 cases of bribery into educational institutions are reported every year and the number of people charged comes to only 1/3 of that the amount of bribes usually averages around $10,000 to $20,000.00US. The crimes are well hidden as school official never take money directly from the student’s parents. Typically a middle man is used, they’ve christened them “bagmen” and they are considered professionals and hang around in the dark crevices near the schools’ admission committees. They are numerous and usually have very good connections. Something new this year is the basic rates of bribes for different categories of the school’, the most prestigious schools with limited applicants intuition based programs typically runs five times the amount of the tuition. In following global trends the switch so has been from dollars to Eurodollars. This explains the 15% to 20% increase in bribes paid this year. One finds that in the lower levels that the bribe is equivalent to average yearly tuition. The rates in the lower level vary widely and have been described as chaotic. An interesting note, applicants pay a 30% higher bribe if the are from one of the outside old Soviet Republics. A major factor in the final amount paid is the financial status of the parents is figured into equation. Friends of course are typically getting a better deal. The increase this year is based entirely on switching denominations and the strength of the Eurodollar.
* Post Soviet Press Discourse – Anthony Mrugacz *
Two things come to mind when I read this article and why it is important for understanding Russia as we’re stalled seeing that the upper class is ensuring that their offspring are well taken care an this reminds me of the ancient ways of the Boyars and power remaining in families regardless of the intelligence or competence of the individual Society status is once again based on primogeniture and this is another slide backwards for Russian society. It is very sad that they cannot educate the entire population as a driving force to improve society for their economy. One can imagine the status of school officials not being very high in the ranking of financial income and this system of bribery could easily take place in the Russian Federation. The second thought is the increase in bribes this year when switching from the dollar to the Eurodollar. That fifteen to 20% increase seems reasonable as the actually exchange rate is higher. I believe that the factor is due to the business connections with Western Europe as opposed to ties to American businesses, traditionally England, France, Belgium, and Germany have had historic financial with Russia which are still evident today. Maybe the ease of obtaining Eurodollars illegally may be an important factor in the switching to Eurodollar based bribes from the American currency. Russians also have a tendency to extravagantly vacation in Western Europe and to buy European goods due to the geographic propinquity may be another factor in this selection of bribes been taking in that currency. There’s also the possibility that Russia being between Europe and in Afghanistan has its hands in the opium trade which over the last decade has become a chic drug. The breakdown of the Soviet system would also make bribing officials easier for the transport of illegal contraband.
Post Soviet Press Discourse – Anthony Mrugacz
Topic 9: Foreign Policy; Near Abroad – BASE ELEMENT
Vremya Novostei «Время Новостей» October 21st, 2004
Russia’s President Putin and the Emomali Rakhmonov of Tajikistan celebrated the signing a treaty establishing a permanent Russian military bases there. A parade when held to honor the event and the flowers placed at a monument to soldiers who died in the line of duty. It is part of the integrated collective security system in the region which includes an air base in nearby Kyrgyzstan. Two main issues of this treaty were the reformation of the 201st Mobile Infantry Division which was formed in 1943 into a permanent military unit on Tajikistan’s soil. Five fighter jets and a small number of helicopters will also be stationed there. The number of military personnel will be 5000, a reduction of 2500 from its current status. It was a monumental success for Russia’s interests in the region and additionally by the end of 2006 Russian soldiers will stop guarding the border between Tajikistan and Afghanistan and turn over this duty to the Tajikistan military. This is the start of a new era of military cooperation and major training exercises as part of the collective security organization in the region. Another one of its main functions of this organization will be to deal with drug trafficking and organized crime in the area. This agreement is also important as Russia’s early warning system against missile attack will be secure and remain there. The base is located in the same area where Russian troops were stationed in 1993. The agreement, now signed and legalized, gives Russia the space for the military installation indefinitely and free of charge.
* Post Soviet Press Discourse – Anthony Mrugacz *
This article stood out because of the dual nature of Russia’s modernization strategy at its south central flank but at the same time keeping its policy towards NATO in place. It seems a landmark decision in that are putting attention in this region to fight organized crime and drug trafficking yet at the same time are probably not trying to resolve those issues in Moscow. As per usual we always see same characters from Moscow be it Putin and/or Ivanov making appearances at important events. Other possible reasons for Moscow’s interest in the region could be strengthening a block against Chinese access to oil in the region plus the ability to keep firm control in the area over the former Soviet republics by a military presence. The eventual withdrawal of Soviet troops guarding the border between the Tajikistan and Afghanistan could also be a way to reduce the tensions in the area that are probably remaining from the Soviet invasion 26 years ago. The cooperative nature of the Russians in this area is not only in contrast with their attitude towards NATO but also completely at odds with their attitude in the Caucasus Region. There they seem to be extremely aggressive and righteous. Viewing a globe one can also see Russia’s interests in the region due to investment in regards to their space program in Kazakhstan. Their base in the interior of Tajikistan and instead of on the border with China could possibly reduce border clashes in the region. One could speculate that this region could become “Balkanish” if the situation in Chechnya and the surrounding countries become increasingly unstable threatening long term Russian interests. The American Ambassador in Tajikistan was supportive of the Russian move and speculation could be to limit Sino influences in the region.
Post Soviet Press Discourse – Anthony Mrugacz
Topic 10: Foreign Policy; Eastern Europe – NATO’s APPROACH MAKES RUSSIAN MILITARY EDGY
Vremya Novostei «Время Новостей» March 19th, 2004
In recent developments in the Baltic States of Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia, NATO has decided to base four to six fighter jets. They will be located at the Siauliai and at Zokniai Airfield. The aircraft are being supplied from Holland and Denmark to the new NATO members. Currently there are no international laws that prohibit the placing of these aircraft in the Baltic States. NATO’s explanation is that they are going to patrol the airspace of the three Baltic nations. Russia’s response to what they call “muscle flexing” has been dissatisfaction. Their attitude towards this unfriendly action will be a call for proportionate response. Before this situation commenced Russian military officials requested one of their members to fly aboard a NATO AWACS plane during a demonstration in the region officials. NATO officials declined to have a Russian onboard during this demonstration flight and 24 hours later the Russian equivalent radar plane [A-50] was spotted flying over the neutral territory in the Baltic Sea. Currently Russia has multiple air regiments stationed in the province of Kaliningrad consisting of a Naval assault unit , a few helicopter and fighter wings .The spokesperson for the Russian general staff was colonel general Yuri Baluyesky and in his opinion there’s no reason for NATO to make the situation along Russia’s border any more complicated than necessary. In addition The Russians spokesperson called for increased forms of cooperation within the current framework of the council between NATO and Russia to resolve issues. Any number of responses is possible in a proportionate level from the Russians but one is left to wonder exactly at what level that would be.
* Post Soviet Press Discourse – Anthony Mrugacz *
The displeasure of Russian military officials in regards to NATO placing a few of its planes in the Baltic States probably has two levels of significance. First of only the Russians are stool mentally trapped in a cold war strategy doing NATO as a threat. The size of the Russian military bureaucracy and the loss of funds one probably finds staunch resistance in both its vintage strategy and resistance to change. Due to the old Soviet style of leadership the generals in command are the ones that were left over from the melting of the Cold War. With call from Moscow modernize the military in a new direction due to the recent terror attacks on Russia soil, one would suppose that the Russian military would be refocusing its energy and not going at it tit for tat with Western forces. I’m not sure if this is due to paranoia for in the eyes of the Russian commanders. Secondly Russia’s ancient claim to the Baltic territory is clouding its judgment. They need to be focusing on new strategies for the future but there are still trying to stay face to face with NATO. If one sees four to six at F-16 fighter planes as a major threats, it would only if they view giving ground in this instance will only to the number of NATO forces increasing on the Russian western frontier. The province of Kaliningrad between Poland and the Baltic states is likely intimidated by the pinching action from its north and south by NATO forces. In a matter of foresight one would believe that NATO should not locate these planes in the Baltic States as the only threat would be from either Russian forces or an attack from Scandinavia which is most unlikely. The defense of the Baltic States does not warrant was placing a thorn into the side of the Russian bear.
Post Soviet Press Discourse – Anthony Mrugacz
Topic 11: Foreign Policy; Eastern Europe – WE DIDN’T WIN AN AGREEMNT, WE REACHED ONE
Noviye Izvestia «Новые Известия» May 24th, 2004
The European Union and Russia recently signed an agreement allowing Russia’s entrance into the World Trade Organization. Some of the compromises made on Russia’s behalf were the signing of the Kyoto, stable natural gas prices and lower import duties into Russia. The main hurdle was the natural gas issue by the European Union for the elimination of the monopoly by Gazprom on exports and the use of the natural gas pipeline system by European companies. Another issue was the construction of future pipelines by foreign investors. Currently the tariff on exports of natural gas is 30%. In addition import duties to Russia from the European Union were dropped a small percentage point on such items as seafood, agriculture and manufactured goods with the largest reduction coming on production equipment. Another aspect of the agreement was the lowering of over-flight charges the European airline carriers paid over the territory of Siberia. The ministry in charge of the flight charges said that by 2013.they will be based on actual expenses. . Overall the package is seen to Russia’s advantage as their entry into the WTO. The Russians refused to budge on issues very important to them and items such as airplanes and automobiles. EU was also unhappy with the talks in areas such as telecommunications where Russian telecommunications companies still holds monopoly on inner city and international services. There were some changes in regard to the telecommunications industry but Russian officials refused to comment and this is most likely to surrendering on issues. President Putin has not yet signed the Kyoto agreement but agrees to a he would in the future. The German chairman Mr. Graf repeated the words from president of the saying, “that we didn’t win an agreement to the reached one”.
* Post Soviet Press Discourse – Anthony Mrugacz *
There doesn’t seem to be much difference in Russia’s attitude towards imports and exports as some of their viewpoints are holdovers from the Czarist era and Count De Witte. Russia’s infrastructure is in desperate need of improving and I do not understand why they continue to disallow foreign investors that have an interest to invest in Russia’s infrastructure as the improvements and loyalties from such a business ventures could only benefit their lagging economy. Going back to the days of De Witte, one can see the continual fear of outside western liberal economic forces infringing on Russia’s sovereignty. With the energy prices at an all time high it seems odd that Russia would not seize the opportunity to improve the infrastructure in this area and use the profits towards creating other domestic industries for future economic success. The reduction in the import tariffs from the European Union were in very small proportions typically if something was 12% of dropped to 10%. My view on this is that the Europeans and Russians were not really willing to negotiate for major changes but it is a small step in the right direction for the recovery and advancement of the Russian economy. The position of the Russians seems to be the true hindrance to their economy but historically they have never had a full liberal economic system to understand the benefits.
Post Soviet Press Discourse – Anthony Mrugacz
Topic 12: Foreign Policy; Asia – RUSSIA WILL EARN $1.5 BILLION FROM INDIAN MILITARY CONTRACTS
Izvestia «Известия» January 21st, 2004
India continues to be Russia’s major purchaser of military goods and the recent deal to buy the aircraft carrying cruiser, Admiral Gorshkov, was proof of that. After ten years of negotiating between the two nations, India will pay $1.5 billion for twenty associated contracts in delivering the cruiser the crew sure will be modified modernized and carry a group of twenty the former Russian navy vessel. 20 MIG-29K fighters, new missiles and navigational equipment will be installed as part of the deal. Signed by Russian Defense Minister Sergei Ivanov, this preceded a possible 350 other contracts between the two nations. One includes the licensed production of a new generation of diesel powered submarines and additionally modernizing of India’s defense military production. $4.5 billion is being spent this year alone by India on research and development and the purchase of new weapons and equipment. Typically favoring business with the Russians, India is beginning to diversify its military hardware with French, Israeli, and American weaponry. Sergei Ivanov was optimistic that Russia would continue to do business. Even with this foreign competition the deals not only include sales of arms but joint production and technological development ventures between Russia and India. Two examples worth noting are missiles and a fifth generation fighter jet that there are currently working on. The deal for the cruiser was cited as a landmark in the mutual dealings of these two countries.
* Post Soviet Press Discourse – Anthony Mrugacz *
The South Asian continent has always been the soft underbelly of Russia’s defense perimeter and one is left wondering why there was a deal for a naval vessel. The threats currently facing Russia’ somewhat ally India would seem to be Chinese or Islamic forces. India purchasing a very expensive naval vessel does not contribute to its defense against any aggression by Red China as the Southeast Asian peninsula blocks access to Chinese waters. In viewing Pakistan as a threat there might have some military advantage due to the small amount of coastline in could blockade. One of would think that India’s interests would be more in manufacturing small arms and increasing the size of its army to deal with threats from both China and Pakistan and investment into a stronger air force especially in dealing with the Chinese. This could be in part due to the postcolonial mentality held over from the days under British rule and the resultant fascination of strong navy in the eyes of the Indians. One difficulty that may arise if indeed it does increase its capacity to produce military weaponry of higher technologies is that it may become the future supplier to the troubled areas of Southeast Asia and Africa which are in no need of further conflict. I can only wonder how Khrushchev would rant and rave about the signing of this deal in and taking credit for laying the foundation for the relationship on the Indian subcontinent. India’s purchasing of arms from other high tech nations to me implies that they would use these advanced technologies with production capabilities supplied by the Russians to create their own versions at a lower cost. For example taking apart a French cruise missile with Indian engineers then making it cheaper than it would cost purchasing it in their own factories constructed with the Russian support.
Post Soviet Press Discourse – Anthony Mrugacz
Topic 13: Foreign Policy; Africa – SUDAN’S SEVEN DOORWAYS TO HELL
Vremya Novostei «Время Новостей» September 21st, 2004
The U.N. Security Council on September 18, 2004 pasted resolution No. 1564 which could lead to actions against the Sudanese government for the crisis in Darfur. Of the fifteen members of the UN Security Council, four abstained from voting which included Russia, China, and, Pakistan, but the resolution still passed. The resolution calls for the quick termination of massive violations of human rights in the region. The U.N. Security Council will consider imposing economic sanctions on Sudan if they do not comply. Crippling oil exports which the Sudanese rely on heavily for income by sanctions was not the best way for the United Nations to meet its obligations in ending the crisis rather the Russian Foreign Ministry stated that inducement might be the best method. He had hoped the policy in this area would be sought through a political settlement with the involvement of the African Union as a major contributor. Defiantly the Sudanese government warned the West from intervening and the dispute is based on the possible formation of a commission to determine whether genocide was committed in Darfur. A parliamentary politician was quoted as saying, “The doorway to hell was open for the West year in Iraq and we will open seven doorways to hell if the West invades Darfur.”
* Post Soviet Press Discourse – Anthony Mrugacz *
The attitude of the Sudanese government was towards the U.N. reminded me of the old hard-line Soviet defiant attitude and seems that the some of these people were either backed financially by the Russians or educated in Moscow. The four sustaining votes of the U.N. Security Council was reminiscent of 40 years ago that when 3rd World nations looked to the Soviet Union as a rising power. Here Russia seems to be playing off U.S. problems in creating the image of having a peaceful attitude and leadership through alternative initiatives since the current world view of the United States is as an aggressor. This could be in retaliation for negative U.S. positions on the crisis in Chechnya. The Russian foreign ministry also point to the African Union as part of the solution and he stated they should be involved. This could be to rekindle friendships in the region from the Cold War era. Returning to my favorite theme of the Russians having an alternative motive, the Chinese have vested interests in Sudanese oil and this is possibly another attempt by the Russians to spoil Chinese foreign interests and initiatives. Sudan, like Iran, is one of the few areas not dominated by Western Oil Companies and the two regions have been collaborating with China.
Post Soviet Press Discourse – Anthony Mrugacz
Topic 14: Foreign Policy; Mid-East – A FRIEND IN NEED
Kommersant «Коммерсант» March 4th, 2005
The bonds between Syria and Russia are strengthening in wake of the US invasion of Iraq. Syria’s recent spotlight on the world stage in regards to worldwide opposition to the military forces occupying Lebanon has had them desperately searching for a protective partner. Improving relations with Russia was seen as the only course of action. On the political aspects Moscow and Damascus highlighted the long standing friendship between the two nations and to improve this, ¾ of a $12 billion debt Syria has owed to Moscow since Soviet times was forgiven by the Russians. Additionally weapons systems which include air defense and missile systems were reportedly being negotiated between them. Syria’s attitude about the possible arms purchases defiant to Israeli and U.S. complaints about the proliferation of weapons in the region and was basically stated as if you don’t like, that’s too bad. President Bush and President Putin recently discussed problems in the area at their meeting in Bratislava and Condaleeza Rice rise recently signed an agreement with the Russians limiting the proliferation of shoulder-fired anti-aircraft missiles. In the shadow of this agreement and Russians plan to sell missiles to Syria but said the weapons that were possibly being sold to Syria were short-range missiles and that the handheld shoulder-fired ones were not in the deal. The Russians position is that there needs to be a peaceful solution to the crisis as they were concerned if the Syrian troops pull out to quickly it could lead to a collapse due to instability in Lebanon.
* Post Soviet Press Discourse – Anthony Mrugacz *
I am left to wonder if the Russians are once again making a mistake in the Middle East and each time siding with the Arabs factions no matter their actions. In this instance there seems to be much support worldwide for the Syrian troops to pull out of Lebanon. The Russian military complex must have great influence in that it is still able, even after the Cold War ,to be pushing for arms sales in regions that will only in the long-term promote conflict (or maybe they are desperate for money). If the Russians were truly looking for a peaceful political solution and a chance to demonstrate some leadership in world politics, rather than build up of Syria’s military capacity they would bring the United States to the negotiating table and work for guarantee that the United States would not invade Syria . Similar to the agreement that was made during the Cuban missile crisis to guarantee the security of Syria. Russia’s demand for leading role on the world stage in this situation equates to short-term thinking and negative long-term consequences. It’s amazing that the Syrians continue their anti- Israeli and anti-American stance and move to the Russian Federation for backing. This must be more out of desperation than logic since we witnessed the failure of Soviet military tactics and equipment recently in Iraq recently and also in the war in Afghanistan. This could be an opportunity for the U.S. to soften its attitude towards Syria and not force Syria to act out of the sense of desperation and isolation. The long-term rivalry between Israel and Syria can best be solved by cooperation between United States and Russia for a solution and not the return of proxy wars using their respective tactics and military systems.
Post Soviet Press Discourse – Anthony Mrugacz
Topic 15: Foreign Policy; Latin America – MEXICO CHARGED WITH ENERGY
Rossiiskaya Gazeta «Российская газета» June 9th, 2004
President Vladimir Putin made a historic trip to Mexico to meet with President Vincente Fox and it was a historic first visit by a Russian leader. A previous journey was postponed in June due to a terrorist attack in Moscow. The short 2 day talks produced a joint statement and some economic agreements.They did comment on the United Nations need to reform and called for the U.S.-led coalition troops to complete their job and withdraw from Iraq. Mexico typically is under the wing of the US on most issues but has firmly opposed the war in Iraq. Also announced was the creation of a few small but what they consider very interesting economic projects one being a helicopter production and pilot training facility in Veracruz and a heavy machinery facility to be constructed in the state of Hidalgo. Mexico does import 1/3 of its natural gas needs and Putin announced that in 2 years they would have a exporting facility in eastern Russia and would be able to supply Mexico with natural gas over a Pacific route. President Fox declined to respond to any deals made in that regard. Russian contractors have successfully won bids for the construction of a hydroelectric station in state Nayarit and would continue to compete for similar projects in Mexico. A memorandum was signed to improve cultural ties between the two nations by the creation of a center in Moscow.
* Post Soviet Press Discourse – Anthony Mrugacz *
Iin this instance the Russians noticed the weakness in the U.S.-Mexican relations due to the President Fox’s stance of not supporting the U.S. led coalition forces in the war in Iraq. It was a small step towards improving relations between the two nations and the visit was mostly symbolic with the announcement of small business ventures. The construction of a helicopter production and pilot training facility in Veracruz could give the Russians a foothold in the Latin American market as the cheaper labor in Mexico would give a comparative advantage to Russian helicopters in that region. In the economic game of chesse The Russians are making a good move in Mexico. The Russian companies bidding and winning hydro electric projets in Mexico reminds one of the Answar dam project on the Nile and the consequences for the environment after its construction. Soviet engineers designing a hydroelectric dam for conditions in Russia may have unforeseen consequences when placed in the tropical environments of Mexico. New cultural ties that the two countries are attempting to strengthen could be of a humorous nature, will Russians give up their ushankas for sombreros then push back the May Day celebration four days and drape colorful serapes over Russian tanks in a Cinco De Mayo Parade through Red Square. Giving Russia access to cheap tequila may not be a bright idea. This reminded me of the Cuban-Russian adventures and the difficulties the Russians faced in the tropical environment and I’m curious to the outcome of these Russian based projects. I was surprised to learn that the Mexico as an oil producer did import natural gas to supply its domestic needs. Overall a great switch from the days of the Soviets supporting Marxist groups to the capitalist interests of Russian based businesses.
Post Soviet Press Discourse – Anthony Mrugacz
Topic 16: Foreign Policy; USA – POWELL IN MOSCOW: ‘CHILL,” OR JUST ‘PAUSE’ IN RELATIONS?
Nezavisimaya Gazeta «Независимая Газета» January 27th, 2004
U.S. Secretary of State Colin Powell visited with President Putin and.Russian Foreign Minister Ivanov for discussions concerning which direction Russiar was heading in regards to the strategic alliance between the two nations. The United States position was using democracy in Russia as a focal point for negoitiations, stating that fundamental basis of the Russian-American relationship was the strong despite certain policy disagreements. Powell responded that the strong bonds between the two countries would allow cooperation in the areas of contention. One could summarize the meetings as taking inventory of the progress on discussions that were held at the last summit talks. With U.S. foreign aid to Georgia doubling the topic of the troubled region was discussed and Powell denied the U.S. was attempting to establish permanent military bases. He stated the US would not allow the area to become an arena of competition. He did not comment on if the United States would act unilaterally in Georgia or seek cooperation to coordinate policy with Russian. Moscow did react To Powell’ss accusation that the delay in closing Russian bases in Georgia was a violation of the Istanbul Accords making it impossible for the U.S. to support the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe. The Russians stated they have met their obligations of the treaty and only the bases are in contention and that solving this problem was due to providing accommendations for the military personnel who will be withdrawn from Georgia. U.S. involvement in the region has aroused Russian paranoia and wonder if the claim that the U.S. is combating terrorism in the region has a hidden agenda of expanding its power in the region. Both sides remained firm on their viewpoints yet did agree that positive and candid dialogue was still possible.
Post Soviet Press Discourse – Anthony Mrugacz
In such a troubled region like the Caucuses I’m curious why the United States is taking unilateral action. With such volatility one would think that a regional solution with neighboring states mainly Russia the other ‘Stans and possibly China , Pakistan and India and maybe Turkey to hold some sort of diplomatic discussion for the vision of a peaceful future. Conflicts in the region seem to spill over and the crossing of cultures can only be solved through cooperation as the history of violence in the entire region has yet to offer a solution. The long history of Georgina nationalism is a difficult problem for the Russians to compromise on in comparison to the Baltic States region where they are used to having dominance and are now intimidated. Russian eyes sees US interests in combating terrorism in this region as disguising other agendas once again symbolizes the paranoia of their character. The importance to the world in keeping this region conflict free is due both the oil reserves in the region and historic crossroads of civilizations. Here maybe the opportunity for a fresh start between Russia and the United States to cooperate and extend that relationship to solving other issues in the Middle East and. I’m left to wonder if U.S. military bases in Georgia will have a positive influence on long-term problems and in reality is it just another opportunity to challenge Russian influence a region.
Post Soviet Press Discourse – Anthony Mrugacz
Topic 17: Religion – COURT GETS RID OF ‘WITNESSES’
Kommersant «Коммерсант» march 27th, 2004
The case against the Jehovah’s Witnesses from Moscow Prosecutor’s Office and the Prosecutor General’s Office, which previously dismissed it three times due to the lack of evidence of the crime, finally released a decision to close the Moscow branch of Jehovah’s Witnesses. In response the Jehovah’s Witnesses are turning to the European Court for support and for the past two years have been complaining to them that they are victims of discrimination and their the religious freedoms are being violated. They are hoping to obtain a new fair trial in Moscow but face stiff opposition. from the city’s populace. A total of the 398 congregations with the membership of 130,000 people are currently registered in Russia. The Moscow Congregation formed 1991 has ten thousand members. Pushed by the Committee to Save the Young People from Totalitarian Cults since 1996 for criminal proceedings against the Jehovah’s Witnesses and also relatives of the members testifying that the followers had changed beyond recognition and had become withdrawn into themselves. They also stated that activity of the congregation were hurting family budgets and risk the lives of members using the example that they refuse to have blood transfusions The Orthodox Church claims that they are a cult and the Justice Administration stated that they are not involved in the democratic and fail to recognize state symbols such as the national anthem and Russian emblem. Public pressure, Russian Orthodox Church opposition, and numerous studies were all influential in this case.
- Post Soviet Press Discourse – Anthony Mrugacz *
The highlight of this court case is the involvement and support of the Russian Orthodox Church in a civil court case. The traditional subservient nature of the Russian population to the power of the Russian Orthodox Church was challenged and was surely a threat to them as possibly a destroyer of society. Probably a greater threat to Russian society has been the collapse of the economic system and people searching some sort of hope and relief could easily fall under the influence of Jehovah’s Witnesses. The triad of government, civilian population, and religious institution joined together in recognition of yet another outside threat to Russian civilizationrepresents action against a sacrificial scapegoat in an attempt to draw attention away from other problems challenging Russian society today. The fact that no crimes were committed et the State it extended power into the private lives of its citizens is remarkably different from the conditions that exist in Western society. For the past 1000 years the Russians have been tolerant of different religious denominations within their borders yet extremely resentful that to any outside religious influence. It is another example of Russians willing to sacrifice basic freedoms to centralized power in the hopes of continued stability even if meager. The techniques employed by the Jehovah’s Witnesses are in great contrast to typical Russian behavior and can assuredly standout and definitely factored in to them being singled out as a cause to Russian domestic problems. It is sad to see a department of justice used as a political tool to remove the religious rights and freedoms of individuals.
Notes:
1Decree No. 2227 enacted by President Boris Yeltsin on December 20, 1993.
2Aboriginal Youth Network http://www.ayn.ca/quit/en/c1_3_industry.asp (21 April2005)
3 Trends in Cigarette Consumption in the U.S.A. http://tobaccodocuments.org/pm/2063628138-8143.html (23 April 2005)
4Space Adventures http://www.spaceadventures.com/ )16 April 2005)
5European Space Agency http://www.esa.int/SPECIALS/ESA_Permanent_Mission _in_ Russia/SEMLYKMKPZD_0.html (18 April 2005)